The first Americans
In the peak periods of the 34th and 30th centuries BC, most of the world's waters consisted of continental ice sheets. As a result, the Bering Sea was hundreds of meters below its current level, and there was a land bridge between Asia and North America called Bering. At the peak of the peak, it is estimated that there are about 1,500 kilometers of Berkeley. The area, which is moist and tree-free, is surrounded by grasses and plants, and has attracted large animals to hunt for people of ancient times. The first people who came to North America were almost unaware that they themselves had moved to the new continent. Thousands of years ago, as their ancestors did, they were engaged in hunting, crossing the Siberian coast and then crossing the land bridge. Residents of North America in Alaska passed thousands of years ago through a major glacier, making their way south to what is now the United States of America. Evidence for early life in North America continues to be found. However, very little can be found about the evidence that was 12,000 years ago; For example, the hunter's remains found in North America for a long time also trace their history from this period. The craftsmen and other parts made with great skill found near Clovis in New Mexico may also belong to this period. Similar cultural monuments have been found throughout North and South America, which show that many parts of the Western Hemisphere existed better than 10,000 years before Christ.
About that time the mammoths began to disappear and were replaced by bison, the main source of food and shelter for the early North Americans. Over time, due to over-hunting or for other natural causes, birds of different species have also been uprooted, with vegetables, berries and other fruits being the main part of early American food. Gradually, the first steps were taken to prepare fodder and food in the field of primary agriculture. The Indians, now settled in central Mexico, cultivated cereals, pumpkin and peas about 8,000 years before Christmas and set examples in this area. Their specimens gradually spread to the North. About 3000 BC, a primitive type of grain was cultivated in the valleys of New Mexico and Arizona. Then came the earliest examples of irrigation and the first signs of early rural life 300 years before Christmas. In the early centuries after Christ, the Hohokim settled in the area of Arizona, now called Phoenix. They excavated excavations at the playgrounds and pyramid-like graves found in Mexico today, as well as building canals and irrigation systems.
The settlement period
The settlement period dates to 1493-1775. The construction of the first English settlements in North America dates back to the early 17th century. Based on a map given by King James I to the British King, the British came here in 1607 and built the colony of Jamestown. The town was founded in 1610 in the upper part of the James River. Of the 14,000 who migrated to Ceymont in 1607-1624, only 1,132 survived in 1624. Thereafter, the number of immigrants from England to North America increased. [2]
In 1630, a new group of puritarians formally pursued in England arrived on the shores of the Gulf of Massachusetts and built new settlements. They gradually moved to the north of the country and formed several colonies, which they called New England. [3]
In 1632, the Maryland colony was established north of the Potomac River. Apart from Protestants, Catholics were also accommodated here. Maryland's first management institution dates back to 1635. More than 13 British colonies were established on the Atlantic Ocean due to the land acquired by the Indians by force and trickery. [4]
The English population in North America was rapidly increasing. The main reason for this was the massive influx of dehydrated peasants and religious persecutors in England. As a result of rapid population growth in North America, in 1643, new colonies united and formed the New England Confederation. [5]
By 1660 King II turned Britain's attention to North America. With considerable experience, new colonies were dispersed in North and South Carolina (1670), New York (1664), New Jersey (1664), Delaware (1702), Pennsylvania (1681) and New Hampshire (1680). In 1732, Europeans built Matskanka in Georgia. This was the last of the 13 colonies that took place in the first phase of the colony.
Fighting with Indians
The British fought for the land with the Indians, the original owners of the land. At that time, there were about 200,000 Indians living in the lands between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi River. The colonists learned from them how to cultivate crops such as potatoes, corn, tomatoes, pumpkin, dill. It was very difficult to turn the Hindus into slavery, because they were fighting the colonialists with death. [6] From the beginning of the XVII till the beginning of the XVIII century there were great conflicts between the colonists and the Indians. The colonialists won the Powhatan war between 1636-37, the King Philip's War in 1675-1676, and the Indian uprising in Carolina in 1712-1716. [7] The main reasons for the defeat of the Indians, the lack of unity among the tribes, the lack of weapons and hostility greatly facilitated the colonial victory. Part of the Indians physically as a result of the wars of 1644-1676
It was destroyed, and some were pressed to the west. [8] North American tribes living in North America have been struggling against the colonialists for a long time, mainly tribes such as the Apaches, Mohawks, Cheyenne, Navajo, Cherokee. In particular, some tribal leaders are known for their personal struggles. Examples include Sitting Bulls, Geronimo, Black Hawk, Tecumseh, Red Cloud and more. [9]
The Civil War of 1823 read the address of US President James Monroe in Congress. This appeal, known as the doctrine of Monroe, was opposed by the Holy See's desire to restore its whiteness in the former colonies of Spain. The Monroe Doctrine proclaims the principle of dividing the world into American and European systems, ensuring that the United States does not interfere in Europe's affairs, and at the same time urges Europe not to interfere in American domestic affairs. In 1854, the Republican Party was formed. The leading role in the party, which became the center of the anti-slavery opponents, was the industrial bourgeoisie. The base of the party was a small bourgeoisie of farmers and townspeople. One of their demands was free land plots for all those who wanted to settle in the land.
In the second period (1863-1865), 190,000 black soldiers entered the North Army. 250,000 blacks were recruited on the front line. Under pressure from the people, Lincoln's government in 1862 Congress passed the Homestead Act. According to the law, every American who wanted to cultivate land could receive 160 acres (65 ha) of land for free. According to the Declaration of Liberty signed by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, slavery was declared abolished. The passage of these two important laws has already weakened the American Confederate States. In July 1863, the Southerners were defeated in battles in the Gettysburg and Mississippi River Valley. On April 3, 1865, the city of Richmond, the capital of the Confederation, was captured. Armored ships for the first time in that war
In the peak periods of the 34th and 30th centuries BC, most of the world's waters consisted of continental ice sheets. As a result, the Bering Sea was hundreds of meters below its current level, and there was a land bridge between Asia and North America called Bering. At the peak of the peak, it is estimated that there are about 1,500 kilometers of Berkeley. The area, which is moist and tree-free, is surrounded by grasses and plants, and has attracted large animals to hunt for people of ancient times. The first people who came to North America were almost unaware that they themselves had moved to the new continent. Thousands of years ago, as their ancestors did, they were engaged in hunting, crossing the Siberian coast and then crossing the land bridge. Residents of North America in Alaska passed thousands of years ago through a major glacier, making their way south to what is now the United States of America. Evidence for early life in North America continues to be found. However, very little can be found about the evidence that was 12,000 years ago; For example, the hunter's remains found in North America for a long time also trace their history from this period. The craftsmen and other parts made with great skill found near Clovis in New Mexico may also belong to this period. Similar cultural monuments have been found throughout North and South America, which show that many parts of the Western Hemisphere existed better than 10,000 years before Christ.
About that time the mammoths began to disappear and were replaced by bison, the main source of food and shelter for the early North Americans. Over time, due to over-hunting or for other natural causes, birds of different species have also been uprooted, with vegetables, berries and other fruits being the main part of early American food. Gradually, the first steps were taken to prepare fodder and food in the field of primary agriculture. The Indians, now settled in central Mexico, cultivated cereals, pumpkin and peas about 8,000 years before Christmas and set examples in this area. Their specimens gradually spread to the North. About 3000 BC, a primitive type of grain was cultivated in the valleys of New Mexico and Arizona. Then came the earliest examples of irrigation and the first signs of early rural life 300 years before Christmas. In the early centuries after Christ, the Hohokim settled in the area of Arizona, now called Phoenix. They excavated excavations at the playgrounds and pyramid-like graves found in Mexico today, as well as building canals and irrigation systems.
The settlement period
The settlement period dates to 1493-1775. The construction of the first English settlements in North America dates back to the early 17th century. Based on a map given by King James I to the British King, the British came here in 1607 and built the colony of Jamestown. The town was founded in 1610 in the upper part of the James River. Of the 14,000 who migrated to Ceymont in 1607-1624, only 1,132 survived in 1624. Thereafter, the number of immigrants from England to North America increased. [2]
In 1630, a new group of puritarians formally pursued in England arrived on the shores of the Gulf of Massachusetts and built new settlements. They gradually moved to the north of the country and formed several colonies, which they called New England. [3]
In 1632, the Maryland colony was established north of the Potomac River. Apart from Protestants, Catholics were also accommodated here. Maryland's first management institution dates back to 1635. More than 13 British colonies were established on the Atlantic Ocean due to the land acquired by the Indians by force and trickery. [4]
The English population in North America was rapidly increasing. The main reason for this was the massive influx of dehydrated peasants and religious persecutors in England. As a result of rapid population growth in North America, in 1643, new colonies united and formed the New England Confederation. [5]
By 1660 King II turned Britain's attention to North America. With considerable experience, new colonies were dispersed in North and South Carolina (1670), New York (1664), New Jersey (1664), Delaware (1702), Pennsylvania (1681) and New Hampshire (1680). In 1732, Europeans built Matskanka in Georgia. This was the last of the 13 colonies that took place in the first phase of the colony.
Fighting with Indians
The British fought for the land with the Indians, the original owners of the land. At that time, there were about 200,000 Indians living in the lands between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi River. The colonists learned from them how to cultivate crops such as potatoes, corn, tomatoes, pumpkin, dill. It was very difficult to turn the Hindus into slavery, because they were fighting the colonialists with death. [6] From the beginning of the XVII till the beginning of the XVIII century there were great conflicts between the colonists and the Indians. The colonialists won the Powhatan war between 1636-37, the King Philip's War in 1675-1676, and the Indian uprising in Carolina in 1712-1716. [7] The main reasons for the defeat of the Indians, the lack of unity among the tribes, the lack of weapons and hostility greatly facilitated the colonial victory. Part of the Indians physically as a result of the wars of 1644-1676
It was destroyed, and some were pressed to the west. [8] North American tribes living in North America have been struggling against the colonialists for a long time, mainly tribes such as the Apaches, Mohawks, Cheyenne, Navajo, Cherokee. In particular, some tribal leaders are known for their personal struggles. Examples include Sitting Bulls, Geronimo, Black Hawk, Tecumseh, Red Cloud and more. [9]
The War of Independence
Main article: US Independence War
The population of the colonies grew steadily, and in 1775 there were 2,500,000 people living in 13 English colonies. The British colonies in the north-east were not fertile land in New England, and it was difficult to live here because of the long winters of agriculture. Therefore, the population created a number of manufacturing facilities. In the southern colonies, the population was primarily engaged in agriculture. Here, the landowners cultivated tobacco, sugar cane, straw, and cotton.
The differences between the Northern and Southern Colonies were ever increasing. Thus, in the northern colonies the farmer was developing detail, industrial production, and influential bourgeoisie class was formed. In the southern colonies, large landowners dominated the plantation. Although the colonies were founded on capitalist rules, the English king and the aristocracy of the land tried to apply the feudal rules here. The British colonies regarded the colonies as a source of raw materials and a market. The British King and Parliament were banned from opening inventory, manufacturing iron products and producing wool, especially wool. Metal tools and fabrics were to be readily delivered to the colonies from England. The rapid increase in the production of fabric, hats and iron products in the colonies made the British government more concerned. Therefore, the government is to prevent these processes from expanding
carried out activities. According to a decree issued in 1763, colonists were forbidden to move to the West. According to the Money Act of the British Parliament, paper money issued in all colonies was deniedAccording to the resolution, the British parliament could not tax the colonies without their consent. Fearing this, the British parliament abolished the emblem. In 1773 a few ships of the East India Company loaded with tea reached the Boston port. [12] Tea customs fees had to be sold to the public at a relatively low price. However, the population objected. They poured tea boxes into the water. This event has come to be known as the Boston Tea Party. [13] Tea Armed fighting began on 19 April 1775. On the same day, a group of British soldiers marched into Concord to destroy the guerrillas near Boston. The guerrillas carried many of their weapons before the outbreak. After destroying the dam, returning soldiers opened fire on ambush guerrillas in various locations. The British escaped with heavy casualties. The patriotic royal supporters here were on the brink of a civil war between the Loyalists. May 1775 of all colonies in Philadelphia the right to pay. The Seal Law required that all newspapers, posters, licenses, contracts, and other documents be sealed and levied. [11] In 1765, the colonial colonies sent their representatives to New York to convention. Congress declared a boycott of all goods imported from Britain. Accepted by CongressSecond Continental Congress of Representatives The Congress decided to cut off all contacts with England and considered the army as part of the guerrilla army. Congress appointed Virginia Washington plantor George Washington as commander-in-chief of this army. Meanwhile, loyalists in North Carolina were expelled from their estates. Clashes continued in New York and other cities. [14]On July 4, 1776, Congress passed the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia. In addition to the announcement of the emergence of a new state, the document also provided the first commentary on human freedoms worldwide. The rebel colonies were separated from England and united as the new independent state, the United States of America. The Declaration of Independence was prepared by Thomas Jefferson, a prominent figure in the American Revolution. The declaration stated that all people have the right to overthrow the oppressors and to establish their own government. Thus, for the first time the source of popular power was declared. One of the limitations of the Declaration was that it did not abolish slavery. He did not stop pardoning the Indians and expelling them from their lands. The property censorship was also preserved in the election. July 4, when the Declaration of Independence is announced, is celebrated as the United States Independence Day each year.
The unification of the British colonies in North America and their declaration of independence was a serious blow to Britain's foreign policy interests. In a short time, troops from England were brought together to fight the newly created state. The dominance of the British was mainly in the navy. In 1776, Washington's army liberated Boston. But the British take over New York. The first decisive battle between the parties was the Battle of Saratoga, which took place near the village of Saratoga in 1777. The rebels defeated the British, and this victory increased the strength of the rebels, and encouraged France and Spain to join the war. Congress sent Bencamin Franklin to Europe to bring France and Spain to war
sent. As a result of Franklin's diplomatic efforts, a treaty was signed with those countries. The French and Spanish invasion made the situation worse for the British. After the defeat of Saratoga, the British moved to the south. In October 1781, George Washington's troops surrounded the British in Yorktown and forced them to surrender. A year later England stopped the war and began peace talks. On September 3, 1783, a peace treaty was signed in Versailles. The British recognized the independence of the United States. A powerful center was established to strengthen power in the country. In 1787, a special assembly of state delegates adopted the US Constitution. The constitutional structure of the constitution was determined and a federal state form was established. The legislative body was the Congress of two chambers. The upper house was called the Senate and the lower house was the House of Representatives.
According to the constitution, the president, who has been elected for 4 years, has been at the head of public power. He led the command and command of the armed forces. In 1791, the Congress made 10 amendments to the Constitution. These amendments included the right of citizens to freedom of speech, press, assembly, freedom of conscience, personal, housing and private property. Arbitrary arrests were prohibited without a court order. As a result of the independence war, the obstacle to the development of capitalism, the British colonial rule, was abolished. The feudal rules were once put to an end. For the first time in the world, the US Constitution defined the division of power in the country into legislative, executive, and judicial powers. [16]Flow to the West
The westward flow dates back to 1789–1849. The War of Independence created favorable conditions for the economic development of the United States. Natural conditions, mild climate, extensive fertile soil and minerals contributed to this. The US has cut its military spending relative to the other side of the ocean, which is one of the factors contributing to economic development. During the presidency of Thomas Jefferson, who was elected president in the 1800s, the statehood was strengthened, the electoral censorship was abolished, and more humanitarian laws were adopted for debtors and prisoners. The movement towards the west was expanded. The British attempt to repatriate the North American colonies led to the war in 1812. It was defeated by the British and in December 1814 signed the Kent Treaty. Under the treaty, Britain refused to consider the US as a colony. The War of 1812-1814 is the second independence war in US history. Continental wars in Europe in the early 19th century gave the United States an opportunity to increase its territory. Louisiana, Florida, Texas and California increased the US territory more than three times due to land. The assimilation of Western lands opens up ample opportunities for the development of capitalism in the United States. Government reforms have also contributed to this. Economic development has gone in different ways in the North and South. The farm was dominated in the North. The farmer's way of developing capitalism in agriculture has contributed to the rapid growth of the US economy. The major forms of farming in the southern states were large plantations based on the labor of black slaves. In the northern states slavery was abolished in the early nineteenth century and kept in the South.
The Civil War of 1823 read the address of US President James Monroe in Congress. This appeal, known as the doctrine of Monroe, was opposed by the Holy See's desire to restore its whiteness in the former colonies of Spain. The Monroe Doctrine proclaims the principle of dividing the world into American and European systems, ensuring that the United States does not interfere in Europe's affairs, and at the same time urges Europe not to interfere in American domestic affairs. In 1854, the Republican Party was formed. The leading role in the party, which became the center of the anti-slavery opponents, was the industrial bourgeoisie. The base of the party was a small bourgeoisie of farmers and townspeople. One of their demands was free land plots for all those who wanted to settle in the land.
In the 1860 presidential election, Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the Republican Party. That was the end of the political whiteness of the crusaders. Southerners responded to Lincoln's election as president. The state of South Carolina has announced its withdrawal from the Union. Then six more states left the Union. In February 1861 these states were united in a separate confederation. Mississippi planter Jefferson Davis was the first and last president of the newly-developed state. At that time, there were two armies and two congresses in the country. The main cause of the civil war of 1861-1865 was the aggravation of the contradictions between the industrialized North and the South, where the slave-based economy was dominated. During the first phase of the war, the Northerners were severely defeated. The main reasons for these defeats were that the Abraham Lincoln government did not abolish slavery and, more importantly, prolong the resolution of the Homs.
In the second period (1863-1865), 190,000 black soldiers entered the North Army. 250,000 blacks were recruited on the front line. Under pressure from the people, Lincoln's government in 1862 Congress passed the Homestead Act. According to the law, every American who wanted to cultivate land could receive 160 acres (65 ha) of land for free. According to the Declaration of Liberty signed by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, slavery was declared abolished. The passage of these two important laws has already weakened the American Confederate States. In July 1863, the Southerners were defeated in battles in the Gettysburg and Mississippi River Valley. On April 3, 1865, the city of Richmond, the capital of the Confederation, was captured. Armored ships for the first time in that war
(March 9, 1862). On March 2, 1867, the first law of Southern Reconstruction was issued. The defeat of the war for the South had destroyed all their hopes. There were several reasons why the North had won. Most importantly, the technical advantage, in terms of the number of soldiers and the supply of weapons, was to the north at least twice. Southerners also saw Abraham Lincoln as one of the main reasons for the north's victory. On April 14, 1865, Lincoln and his family visited the Ford Theater in Washington, DC. In the meantime, actor John Wilkes Abraham Lincoln was seriously wounded by the fire, and died two days later.
Golden age
The American economy, which has grown strongly in the postwar years of the Civil War, has become the largest economy in the world by Mark Twain, known as the Golden Age in the 1870-1880s, and has maintained its leading position to this day. Critics of the great commercial activity of the time suggested that wealthy industrialists were manipulating markets, expecting monopolies, mistreating workers, greedy and thieves. This attitude, which suggests that the Golden Age was dominated by rich plutocrats, is still a well-protected relationship among some historians who believe that the government should impose strict rules on trade. The intensity of competition between companies has also improved dramatically in the standard of living of employees. Other historians who have embraced this positive view of the Golden Age have argued that this extraordinary economic growth has lifted people out of poverty, and heavy state sanctions in trade have prevented this growth and reduced their income. The debate between historians on trade and law in the golden age reflects a similar discussion in modern politics; but all historians agree that commercial activities in the second half of the 19th century are so widespread and comprehensive. Railways were the first capital-dominated industry to spread nationally. In the second half of the nineteenth century mass production and factories were more common. These giant new producers were the first public association of the American people. Horizontal integration, which means combining with competitors, as well as whole production, from raw materials to sale.
Vertical integration, which should be procured, was among the guiding techniques that were made perfect during this period. After 1865, architects of commercial success, banker J.P. In addition to Morgan, two businessmen were Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. Carnegie, a leading businessman in the steel industry, has lowered costs over competitors by acquiring competitors and cutting costs due to the latest technology and innovative manufacturing processes used in their factories. Rockefeller has taken similar steps for Standard Oil, which will later become the largest company in its field. After the Civil War, inflation slowed down in the 1980s. By the 1890s prices had declined by almost one percent each year. This has been a blessing for growing economies and consumers who are able to buy consumer goods at more affordable prices each year. Some farmers have been heavily affected by the continued decline in market prices, as they have been heavily indebted to buy land and equipment. On the other hand, a revolution in new equipment during this period has led to huge spikes in farm production and many workers leaving the rural areas in search of better opportunities. Classic large-scale ventures failed to meet all the needs in the market during this period; small businesses fill this gap and earn big profits and themselves
enriched. Pittsburgh's small steel mills, for example, produced nails, nuts and bolts and barbed wire. Workers had to work in hazardous conditions for a long time. The average steel worker worked 72 hours a week; but their incomes and standards of living also increased. This is especially true for migrants who start working in factories. Despite the fact that those working in the fields worked long and tedious hours, they were exposed to poor salary conditions. In contrast, what was in the factory was considered a better alternative. From the Civil War to the First World War, dissatisfied workers increased their income by 44%; carpenters, plumbers, steel makers, and newly-welded electricians were earning higher incomes. This period has attracted the attention of millions of immigrants here, especially from Eastern and Southern Europe, to take advantage of the many opportunities offered by the United States in the period of economic growth and industrialization.
Migration in the Golden Age
During the Golden Age, a new wave of immigration began in the United States. About 20 million new immigrants arrived in the United States during this time. Some of them were farmers, especially those in the Great Plains, who provided cash to the country for the sale of land and equipment. Many were poor peasants working in mills and factories. Nevertheless, most immigrants were coming here because of poverty. In 1892, the federal government set up a reception center near the Statue of Liberty on Ellis Island to secure this flow.
During the Golden Age, a new wave of immigration began in the United States. About 20 million new immigrants arrived in the United States during this time. Some of them were farmers, especially those in the Great Plains, who provided cash to the country for the sale of land and equipment. Many were poor peasants working in mills and factories. Nevertheless, most immigrants were coming here because of poverty. In 1892, the federal government set up a reception center near the Statue of Liberty on Ellis Island to secure this flow.
Old and New Migration Waves
These migrants consisted of two groups: those who formed the 'Old Migration' wave from Germany, England, Ireland and Scandinavia, and the 'New Migration' wave that reached its peak in 1910. Some people were moving backwards and forwards. They were mostly settled along the Atlantic Ocean and were permanent residents here. The newcomers settled in both urban and rural areas. German American societies spoke German, but the younger generations were bilingual. Scandinavians were generally assimilated rapidly. In terms of migration, the migration of the former German, English, Irish and Scandinavian after 1880 slowed. The United States creates numerous new jobs every year, and new immigrants come from France, along with Italy, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Russia, Greece and other parts of southern and middle Europe. Former immigrants who came here in the 1870s had very stable societies, especially German Americans. This was when the British immigrants tended to be drawn towards the general population. Irish Catholics are killing millions of hungerAfter the great famine in Ireland, in the 1840s and 1850s, the United States turned to the United States. The first few decades of their lives were characterized by extreme poverty, excessive poverty, crime and violence in their communities. At the end of the nineteenth century, Irish immigrants gained a great deal of stability with Boston middle class local businessman, P.C. Kennedy (1858-1929), a professional and political leader. Economically, Irish Catholics came here from the late 1850s. By 1900, numbers had already reached national averages, and by the end of the 20th century, the national average had long gone. Even now, politically Irish Catholics are an important factor in the management of urban democratic institutions across the country. The Dutch were sovereign in the Catholic Church, despite only a third of the Catholic population (bishops, college administrators, charities). and were part of an international Catholic network moving forward and back from Canada.
New migrants
The "New Migration" era was originally a very poor countryside, consisting of many southern, eastern, Italian, Poles, and Jews. Some men, especially the Italians and the Greeks, wanted to return because of what they saw as temporary citizens and their long-term earnings. Historians analyze the causes of migration (expulsion of people abroad) and the factual facts (pulling them to America). Pressure factors included economic coercion, land scarcity and anti-Semitism. The controversial factors were the economic chances of cheap agricultural land or factories and mines. The first generation, as a rule, lived in ethnic areas with a common language, food, religion and past village relations. Many of these people have been renting out in the big cities, which has led to excessive population growth in these cities. However, settling in small cities could usually end with low-cost rentals as well.
These migrants consisted of two groups: those who formed the 'Old Migration' wave from Germany, England, Ireland and Scandinavia, and the 'New Migration' wave that reached its peak in 1910. Some people were moving backwards and forwards. They were mostly settled along the Atlantic Ocean and were permanent residents here. The newcomers settled in both urban and rural areas. German American societies spoke German, but the younger generations were bilingual. Scandinavians were generally assimilated rapidly. In terms of migration, the migration of the former German, English, Irish and Scandinavian after 1880 slowed. The United States creates numerous new jobs every year, and new immigrants come from France, along with Italy, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Russia, Greece and other parts of southern and middle Europe. Former immigrants who came here in the 1870s had very stable societies, especially German Americans. This was when the British immigrants tended to be drawn towards the general population. Irish Catholics are killing millions of hungerAfter the great famine in Ireland, in the 1840s and 1850s, the United States turned to the United States. The first few decades of their lives were characterized by extreme poverty, excessive poverty, crime and violence in their communities. At the end of the nineteenth century, Irish immigrants gained a great deal of stability with Boston middle class local businessman, P.C. Kennedy (1858-1929), a professional and political leader. Economically, Irish Catholics came here from the late 1850s. By 1900, numbers had already reached national averages, and by the end of the 20th century, the national average had long gone. Even now, politically Irish Catholics are an important factor in the management of urban democratic institutions across the country. The Dutch were sovereign in the Catholic Church, despite only a third of the Catholic population (bishops, college administrators, charities). and were part of an international Catholic network moving forward and back from Canada.
New migrants
The "New Migration" era was originally a very poor countryside, consisting of many southern, eastern, Italian, Poles, and Jews. Some men, especially the Italians and the Greeks, wanted to return because of what they saw as temporary citizens and their long-term earnings. Historians analyze the causes of migration (expulsion of people abroad) and the factual facts (pulling them to America). Pressure factors included economic coercion, land scarcity and anti-Semitism. The controversial factors were the economic chances of cheap agricultural land or factories and mines. The first generation, as a rule, lived in ethnic areas with a common language, food, religion and past village relations. Many of these people have been renting out in the big cities, which has led to excessive population growth in these cities. However, settling in small cities could usually end with low-cost rentals as well.
Chinese immigrants
Asian immigrants - now hired by Chinese-California construction companies for temporary railroad construction. The construction of the Central Pacific Railroad from California to Utah was mostly done by Chinese workers. According to the 1870 census, there were 63,000 Chinese men (with a few women) in the United States. Unions led by Samuel Gompers firmly opposed the existence of Chinese workers. Chinese immigrants were not allowed to become U.S. citizens until 1950; however, the United States granted full citizenship to Chinese-born Chinese children as a result of the Supreme Court's decision. In 1882, Congress banned more Chinese immigrants by enforcing the Chinese Foreign Act; Chinese workers were barred from entering the United States, but some students and businessmen were temporarily released. In 1940, the population of China in the United States dropped to 37,000. The settlers mainly settled in the so-called "Chintaun" areas of the big cities.
The beginning of World War II and US policy of neutrality
Shortly after the start of World War II, on September 3, FD Roosevelt addressed the American people and said he would keep the country out of war. A special session of Congress on September 5, 1939, enacted the 1937 Law on Neutrality. Roosevelt signed the fourth law on "neutrality" after August 1935 on November 5, 1939. But soon the Hitler's occupation in Western Europe began to disturb the United States. The war congress and the government forced the government to begin implementing the ambitious plans to increase its military presence. The development of the atomic bomb in the most secretive environments was developed. After the arrival of the great Italian physical Ferme to the United States in 1939, the value of the chain nuclear reaction was determined. The Nuclear Weapons Project was called "Manhattan." A laboratory was organized in Los Alamos, USA. Two thousand scientific workers and 150 thousand workers were involved in this work. Prominent scholars, R. Oppenheimer, N.Bor, B.Bush, A.Comerton began to do this work. Still in the fall of 1939, the Law on Neutrality was revised, and the warring countries had the opportunity to buy weapons and war material from the United States on the condition that they pay cash and carry on their ships. Under the agreement of September 2, 1940, the plan developed by Britain in early 1941 laid the basis for their coalition strategy in the war. Although the US was not involved in the war, it increasingly increased its military and economic assistance to the United Kingdom.The US military budget increased $ 5,500 in 1940 to $ 10.5 billion. 47 states of the United States support the abolition of neutrality. After the "strange war" in Europe ended, Roosevelt put forward the National Defense Program. According to this program, the congressional military spending was $ 17.7 billion. and the number of the army increased from 280,000 to 1 million. Decided to reach 200,000 people. In September 1940, for the first time in a "peaceful period", a law on selective military service was passed. Persons with certain specialties were called up to the army. On July 30, 1941, the Department of Economic Defense, headed by Vice President H. Welles, was established to restructure the economy. 20 new administrations were set up to restructure the economy. The outbreak of the war had a positive impact on the development of the American economy. In October 1940, a law on capital depreciation (a gradual decline in its value as a result of capital development) was adopted. According to this law, taxes paid by corporations were reduced. The share of large companies in the national economy has increased. However, it should be noted that up to 150 out of 184,000 industrial enterprises in the United States during that time were engaged in military industry alone. On the eve of the Perl Harbor incident, the United States' share in world arms production was no more than 12%.
Land Law
In December 1940, Roosevelt proposed to provide American assistance to countries fighting the axis countries. On March 11, 1941, a bill was passed to allow US Congress to lease American weapons and other materials to other countries. This was called the "Lend-Liz" system. The head of the land-lease program was H. Hopkins. The law envisages the provision of weapons or military material for debt or lease to countries that are of vital importance to the United States, as opposed to the enemy. This was, in fact, an indication of the United States' desire to provide its own security through the efforts of warring countries. Land-granting countries have signed agreements with the US government. Under these agreements, the cost of vehicles sent to those countries and destroyed, lost or employed during the war was not to be paid after the war was over. It was intended to pay in full or in part on the long-term US loans for the goods and materials that survived after the war and could be used for civilian consumption. The US could have demanded the return of military material. In fact, this law meant an unannounced US war against the "axis states." The same day the law was applied to England and GreeceOn June 24, 1941, two days after Germany invaded the Soviet Union, Roosevelt said he was ready to help the Soviet government. The US government statement of June 23, 1941 states that "any struggle against Hitlerism, regardless of its origin, will accelerate the end of the present German leadership. The Hitler armies are a major threat to the American continent today." Two days after the German invasion of the USSR, 72% of the population said they wanted Russia to win, and 4% said they wanted Germany to win. But for several months before the US helped the USSR, it was clear to itself what Russia's "resistance" was and then determined its position. At the end of July 1941, Stalin and Hopkins negotiated that the Red Army needed most of all - its aluminum for the production of anti-aircraft guns, large caliber machine guns, rifles, high-octane gasoline and aircraft. In fact, the US did not try to ship these goods to the USSR quickly. Former US Secretary of State Ikes wrote that the US administration was trying to "give the Russians all their gold until they run out of money. This gold will be considered as the right of goods shipped to them. ". The cost of the goods shipped to the United States of America also included strategic raw materials such as manganese, chromium, asbestos, platinum and others. gave..
Asian immigrants - now hired by Chinese-California construction companies for temporary railroad construction. The construction of the Central Pacific Railroad from California to Utah was mostly done by Chinese workers. According to the 1870 census, there were 63,000 Chinese men (with a few women) in the United States. Unions led by Samuel Gompers firmly opposed the existence of Chinese workers. Chinese immigrants were not allowed to become U.S. citizens until 1950; however, the United States granted full citizenship to Chinese-born Chinese children as a result of the Supreme Court's decision. In 1882, Congress banned more Chinese immigrants by enforcing the Chinese Foreign Act; Chinese workers were barred from entering the United States, but some students and businessmen were temporarily released. In 1940, the population of China in the United States dropped to 37,000. The settlers mainly settled in the so-called "Chintaun" areas of the big cities.
The beginning of World War II and US policy of neutrality
Shortly after the start of World War II, on September 3, FD Roosevelt addressed the American people and said he would keep the country out of war. A special session of Congress on September 5, 1939, enacted the 1937 Law on Neutrality. Roosevelt signed the fourth law on "neutrality" after August 1935 on November 5, 1939. But soon the Hitler's occupation in Western Europe began to disturb the United States. The war congress and the government forced the government to begin implementing the ambitious plans to increase its military presence. The development of the atomic bomb in the most secretive environments was developed. After the arrival of the great Italian physical Ferme to the United States in 1939, the value of the chain nuclear reaction was determined. The Nuclear Weapons Project was called "Manhattan." A laboratory was organized in Los Alamos, USA. Two thousand scientific workers and 150 thousand workers were involved in this work. Prominent scholars, R. Oppenheimer, N.Bor, B.Bush, A.Comerton began to do this work. Still in the fall of 1939, the Law on Neutrality was revised, and the warring countries had the opportunity to buy weapons and war material from the United States on the condition that they pay cash and carry on their ships. Under the agreement of September 2, 1940, the plan developed by Britain in early 1941 laid the basis for their coalition strategy in the war. Although the US was not involved in the war, it increasingly increased its military and economic assistance to the United Kingdom.The US military budget increased $ 5,500 in 1940 to $ 10.5 billion. 47 states of the United States support the abolition of neutrality. After the "strange war" in Europe ended, Roosevelt put forward the National Defense Program. According to this program, the congressional military spending was $ 17.7 billion. and the number of the army increased from 280,000 to 1 million. Decided to reach 200,000 people. In September 1940, for the first time in a "peaceful period", a law on selective military service was passed. Persons with certain specialties were called up to the army. On July 30, 1941, the Department of Economic Defense, headed by Vice President H. Welles, was established to restructure the economy. 20 new administrations were set up to restructure the economy. The outbreak of the war had a positive impact on the development of the American economy. In October 1940, a law on capital depreciation (a gradual decline in its value as a result of capital development) was adopted. According to this law, taxes paid by corporations were reduced. The share of large companies in the national economy has increased. However, it should be noted that up to 150 out of 184,000 industrial enterprises in the United States during that time were engaged in military industry alone. On the eve of the Perl Harbor incident, the United States' share in world arms production was no more than 12%.
Land Law
In December 1940, Roosevelt proposed to provide American assistance to countries fighting the axis countries. On March 11, 1941, a bill was passed to allow US Congress to lease American weapons and other materials to other countries. This was called the "Lend-Liz" system. The head of the land-lease program was H. Hopkins. The law envisages the provision of weapons or military material for debt or lease to countries that are of vital importance to the United States, as opposed to the enemy. This was, in fact, an indication of the United States' desire to provide its own security through the efforts of warring countries. Land-granting countries have signed agreements with the US government. Under these agreements, the cost of vehicles sent to those countries and destroyed, lost or employed during the war was not to be paid after the war was over. It was intended to pay in full or in part on the long-term US loans for the goods and materials that survived after the war and could be used for civilian consumption. The US could have demanded the return of military material. In fact, this law meant an unannounced US war against the "axis states." The same day the law was applied to England and GreeceOn June 24, 1941, two days after Germany invaded the Soviet Union, Roosevelt said he was ready to help the Soviet government. The US government statement of June 23, 1941 states that "any struggle against Hitlerism, regardless of its origin, will accelerate the end of the present German leadership. The Hitler armies are a major threat to the American continent today." Two days after the German invasion of the USSR, 72% of the population said they wanted Russia to win, and 4% said they wanted Germany to win. But for several months before the US helped the USSR, it was clear to itself what Russia's "resistance" was and then determined its position. At the end of July 1941, Stalin and Hopkins negotiated that the Red Army needed most of all - its aluminum for the production of anti-aircraft guns, large caliber machine guns, rifles, high-octane gasoline and aircraft. In fact, the US did not try to ship these goods to the USSR quickly. Former US Secretary of State Ikes wrote that the US administration was trying to "give the Russians all their gold until they run out of money. This gold will be considered as the right of goods shipped to them. ". The cost of the goods shipped to the United States of America also included strategic raw materials such as manganese, chromium, asbestos, platinum and others. gave..
The first Americans
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September 20, 2019
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